Influence of ventilation strategies on survival in severe controlled hemorrhagic shock.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of different ventilation settings on hemodynamic stability in severe controlled hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. SETTING Research laboratory in a university hospital. SUBJECTS Approximately 35-45 kg domestic pigs. INTERVENTIONS Twenty-four domestic pigs were bled 45 mL/kg (estimated 65% of their calculated blood volume) and then ventilated with either 0 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure and a respiratory rate of 14 ventilations/min (positive end-expiratory pressure 0 respiratory rate 14), or with 5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure, a respiratory rate of 28 ventilations/min, and a tidal volume reduced by half (positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 28), or with 5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure and a respiratory rate of 14 ventilations/min (positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 14). After 1 hr study phase surviving animals, received fluid resuscitation and were monitored for further 1 hr. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pulmonary variables, hemodynamic variables, and short-term survival. There were no significant differences in mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index after hemorrhage. After 20 mins of different ventilation strategies mean arterial blood pressure was 40 +/- 3 mm Hg in the positive end-expiratory pressure 0 respiratory rate 14 group, vs. 24 +/- 6 mm Hg the positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 28 group (p < 0.05) vs. 19 +/- 3 mm Hg in the positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 14 group (p < 0.01). Cardiac index was 65 +/- 5 mL/min/kg in the positive end-expiratory pressure 0 respiratory rate 14 group vs. 37 +/- 5 mL/min/kg in the positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 28 group(p < 0.01) and 20 +/- 3 mL/min/kg in the positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 14 group (p < 0.01). Mean airway pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure correlated strongly with mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index. None of the positive end-expiratory pressure 0 respiratory rate 14 animals died in the study phase, whereas six of seven positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 28 animals, and all seven positive end-expiratory pressure 5 respiratory rate 14 animals died. CONCLUSIONS In this porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock, reduction of positive end-expiratory pressure was the most important ventilation strategy component influencing hemodynamic stability. Reducing mean airway pressure by decreasing tidal volumes and increasing respiratory rates seemed to have less influence on cardiopulmonary function and survival than 0 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure.